Full range stress-strain curves for hot-rolled steels
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Recent advances in structural engineering modelling demand precise stress-strain characterization for accurate steel member analysis. While stress-strain behaviour of hot-rolled steels is well-studied up to ultimate strain, post-necking failure prediction remains a gap. This paper develops standardised constitutive equations to model the full engineering stress-strain response—from elastic behaviour to fracture—for hot-rolled carbon steels. Using collected tensile coupon test data, this study evaluates existing models and propose new formulas that extend predictions to fracture, including post-necking behaviour. This model reliably predicts fracture stress/strain and post-necking response, enabling more accurate structural failure analysis. This work enhances material modelling for scenarios where failure mechanisms are critical.